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Free charge carriers in a conductor, e.g. outer shell electrons in metals, or ions in solution. These can move in any direction when an electric field is applied. Semi-conductors are more complicated substances where their structure and geometries mean certain conditions need to be met before charge carriers are allowed to move. A diode is a junction of two types of semiconductor, which only allow electrons to flow in one direction. A transistor is a sandwich of two pieces of one type and a single piece of the other type. It allows current to be switched on and off by another voltage source. etc. etc.
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