Yes, there many colors that the human eye cannot detect due to the different wave lengths. One obvious one would be ultraviolet light. While our human eyes cannot detect this light and its color due to higher wave lengths, we do possess technology that can, hence when we use ultraviolet lens to study our sun.

Visible light falls within a narrow range of frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum, with a wavelength of about 360nm to about 780nm [*1]. This covers the upper ultraviolet (UV) to the lower infrared (IR) spectrum, respectively. Electromagnetic energy that lies outside this range is not considered "light", because the human eye cannot perceive it. However, this energy does exist and has been identified and used by humans, as well as being present in nature. The electromagnetic spectrum is composed of energy at the following wavelengths, approximately: - Gamma rays: 0.0001nm to 0.01nm. - X-rays: 0.01nm to 1.0nm. - Ultraviolet radiation (non-visible): 1.0nm to 360nm. - Visible light: 360nm to 780nm. - Infrared radiation (non-visible): 780nm to 0.001m. - Radar: 0.001m to 1.0m. - Radio: 1.0m and up. Some of these bands are relatively harmless to humans, such as the visible light spectrum and parts of the spectrum immediately to either side. Certain wavelengths are known to be dangerous depending on the amount of energy received by an individual. These include x-rays, which can cause harm at fairly low levels, and radio, which requires much higher levels than most people encounter, except when standing in front of a high-power transmitting dish. The shorter wavelengths are stopped or highly attenuated by the atmosphere. Black and white (B&W) photographic films are produced that are sensitive to IR light. Most panchromatic B&W films cover the range of visible light from approximately 350nm to 650nm. Ilford SFX is sensitive to light at wavelengths of up to 750nm and Kodak HIE is useful up to 900nm. Either of these films can produce images that are very different from what our eyes see. IR film can be used very effectively for artistic photography. However, it requires special filters and many automatic cameras will fog IR film, because IR light is used internally for certain control functions. [*1] 1 nm = 1 nano-meter (1x10^-9 metres). [Spectrum details from "The Negative" by Ansel Adams.]

There are many animals and insects which see in the infrared or ultraviolet parts of the light spectrum, which we cannot see. In all likelihood they are perceiving them as colors which we would not be able to put a name to. For instance, it has been demonstrated with flowers painted with "invisible" (to us) ultraviolet dyes, that bees see several ultraviolet wavelengths and are attracted to these more "colorful" (to them) flowers. Indeed, testing has shown that many flowers in nature have pigments which react in the ultraviolet in ways we simply can't see (we can't distinguish where in the flower petals those pigments are), but which seem to grow in complex, symmetrical patterns just like the color pigments which are visible to us, and those patterns do seem to be attractive to bees.

Our retinas can see near ultraviolet light, but it is blocked by our lenses. When people have their lenses removed (cataract surcery), they can see the near-UV.

Most of the electromagnetic spectrum does not interact with matter -- "matter is basically invisible." Maybe I should qualify that: We are interested in when light bounces off matter at one frequency and not others (otherwise we are talking about black, white or silvery stuff, not distinguishable colors.) Most of this results from resonance with electrons in the outer shells. So if we could see the whole spectrum, in most of it we wouldn't see much more than we do now. Also, our eyes are made of matter, and the before we can sense any light, that light must interact with our eyes! So evolution did a good job of catching most of what's available.