ANSWERS: 4
  • Yes. He was a real dark horse.
  • No, I have evolution of the horse and they have been grazers from day 1.
  • 1) Some horses have canine. Carnivorous behavior has also been observed by horses. Their remote ancestors seems to have been, at least, omnivorous. 2) "At five years of age a horse has between 36 and 44 teeth. All horses have - Twelve premolars and twelve molars commonly known as cheek teeth or jaw teeth. - Twelve incisors, or front teeth. Additionally, a horse may have: - Between 4 and 5 canine teeth (tushes, tusks) between the molars and incisors. Generally all male horses have four canines. However, few female horses (less than 28%) have canines, and those that do usually have only one or two, which many times are only partially erupted. - Between zero to four wolf teeth, which are vestigial premolars and not canines as the name may suggest. About 13-32% of all horses also are born with wolf teeth, with most of those having only one or two. They are equally common in male and female horses and much more likely to be on the upper jaw. If present these can cause problems in the bitting of the horse as they can interfere with the horse's bit contact, and may also make it difficult to rasp the second premolar. Therefore, wolf teeth are commonly removed." Source and further information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_teeth "Hyracotherium lived in the Ypresian (early Eocene), about 52 mya (million years ago). It was an animal approximately the size of a fox (250–450 mm in height), with a relatively short head and neck and a springy, arched back. It had 44 low-crowned teeth, in the typical arrangement of an omnivorous, browsing mammal: 3 incisors, 1 canine, 4 premolars, and 3 molars on each side of the jaw. Its molars were uneven, dull, and bumpy, and used primarily for grinding foliage. The cusps of the molars were slightly connected in low crests. The Hyracotherium browsed on soft foliage and fruit, probably scampering between thickets in the mode of a modern muntjac: the Hyracotherium had a small brain, and possessed especially small frontal lobes." "Throughout the phylogenetic development, the teeth of the horse underwent significant changes. The type of the original omnivorous teeth with short, "bumpy" molars, with which the prime members of the evolutionary line distinguished themselves, gradually changed into the teeth common to herbivorous mammals. They became long (as much as 100 mm), roughly cubical molars equipped with a flat grinding surface." Source and further information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse 3) Some horses can exhibit carnivorous behavior. - "Chapter 6: Can horses be carnivorous?": http://books.google.com/books?id=F1PftueNVesC&pg=PA91&lpg=PA91&dq=%22through++the+magazine+or+directly,+we+have+had+replies+from++nearly+100+readers.%22&source=bl&ots=ZPo71yhATr&sig=I5Z6tXNhUqvnGhd4qxU8HAWWTak&hl=en&ei=45wCS-uSMsaJsAamnPzWDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=&f=false "Last October, we shared letters from three readers describing horses killing and/or eating small mammals and birds (see "Carnivous Horses," article #3832 at www.TheHorse.com). We asked for reader response, and I agreed to contact experts in equine nutrition, behavior, and husbandry from around the world for their comments on the topic. All told, through the magazine or directly, we have had replies from nearly 100 readers. The responses have come from horse owners, trainers, veterinarians, animal behaviorists,and equine scientists from all over the world. We received many stories as intriguing as the original three, and we wish space allowed us to print them all." "Most of the replies from readers and experts said that they had never seen a horse eat a live or dead animal, but knew that some horses would eat meat that was offered or that was inadvertently available. The reports included domestic horses, donkeys, mules, ponies, and miniatures, as well as wild mustangs. Meat foods mentioned included hot dogs, hamburgers, steak, bologna, ham, fried chicken, or buffalo wings--eaten from the hand or from the tailgate just as if they were apples. Unusual meaty food items included were spaghetti with meat sauce, chicken livers from the trash, whole raw eggs in the shell, meat-based dry dog food, and an entire family Thanksgiving dinner of turkey and trimmings." "A biologist colleague from the Netherlands, Machteld van Dierendonck, who has studied horse behavior in Iceland and Przewalski horses in Mongolia, reminded me that pastured horses in Iceland are provided salted fish as a protein and mineral/salt supplement." "Playing, Chasing, Attacking, Killing: Many readers sent graphic accounts of horses chasing and attacking small animals and fowl, usually by stomping, pouncing cat-style, or picking up and tossing all sorts of critters. Readers' experiences included, more or less in the order most mentioned: Dogs, rats, mice, chickens, goats, sheep, rabbits, ducks, geese, calves, peahens, turkeys, pigeons, snakes, pigs, squirrels, coyotes, cats, hedgehogs, beaver, bandicoot (Australian cat-sized marsupial), and skunk (yikes!). In many cases, the behavior was interpreted as the expulsion of pesky intruders--sometimes playful, but more often serious. A few readers described their horses' chases and attacks as purely playful, though sometimes dangerous. Many people reported the horse paying attention to or playing with an animal that was injured or killed as a result. Many others reported that they had intervened and removed the dead animal, and so didn't know if the horse would have eaten any meat or blood. They said this article now made them wonder if their horse would have eaten the animal. Eating Carcasses and Blood: Many readers described finding a horse licking blood or eating a dead animal that they either knew (such as doves or blood from deer killed by hunters) or assumed had been found dead--perhaps died there or had been killed and left by a dog or cat. Jinny Johnson pointed out that Michael Shafer in his book, The Language of Horses, "describes Tibetan post horses eating fresh sheep's blood mixed with millet gruel." Eating Live Animals: Some readers described having seen horses eating live chicks, mice, and goldfish whole or by biting off and swallowing the head." "Killing and Eating Animals: Just as in our original stories, several readers described eyewitness accounts of horses repeatedly killing and eating some or all of the carcass. The targets included ducks, rabbits, hedgehogs, geese, and newborn lambs." Source and further information: http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=4327 "Then Leo's friend explained: A rogue mustang was prowling the area, attacking anyone who ventured too near." " Though finding enough drinking water was a concern, wild horses were not. Mustangs, Leo assured us, don't attack people. They don't want anything to do with people. We all laughed at the idea of a predatory horse. We definitely weren't laughing the next morning." Source and further information: http://www.backpacker.com/december_07_destinations_over_the_rainbow_finding_red_rock_in_the_navajo_nation/destinations/12032 4) There are also some fictional or mythical, carnivorous horse-like creatures: - "Discovers carnivorous, predatory horses": http://dauntlessmedia.net/afterworld/1061-morningstar-review.html - "Thestrals are the most elusive and least horse-like breed of magical winged horse. [...] Thestrals have fangs and possess a well-developed sense of smell, which will lead them to carrion and fresh blood. According to Hagrid, they will not attack a human-sized target without provocation." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_creatures_(Harry_Potter%29#Thestrals - "The kelpie is a supernatural water horse from Celtic folklore that is believed to haunt the rivers and lochs of Scotland and Ireland." "The water horse is also a common form of the kelpie, said to lure mortals, especially children, into the water to drown and eat them. It performs this act by encouraging children to ride on its back. Once its victims fall into its trap, the kelpie's skin becomes adhesive and it bears them into the river, dragging them to the bottom of the water and devouring them - except the heart or liver.": http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelpie 5) The term "predatory horse" designs a kind of cavalry. Here an example: "In 1827 the gadhi was described as a place of no strength, useful only to protect the persons and property of the inhabitants during incursions of predatory horse." Source and further information: http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/KOLHAPUR/places_Chandgad.html
  • Champion the Barbarian.

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