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Isaac Asimov published a series of short stories in the 1940s which were collected into the Foundation trilogy in the 1950s. Later, Asimov extended the universe with sequels Foundation's Edge, Foundation and Earth, and two prequels Prelude to Foundation and Forward the Foundation.
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Isaac Asimov, a polymath and one of the most prolific authors in history. That also happens to be one of the best multi-book series in scifi (though note: the later books in the series, authored decades later, were less original and less interesting). I've never read a really bad short story by Asimov and, as Mushy pointed out, the original Foundation Trilogy originated as a series of short stories. Great stuff.
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